Understanding how criminal networks use children and young people as runners in drug supply operations, and how to spot the warning signs.
County lines is the term used to describe a model of drug distribution in which criminal gangs export drugs from cities to smaller towns, villages, and rural areas using children and vulnerable people to carry and sell drugs. Children are groomed, coerced, or forced into acting as runners or drug holders, often under the threat of violence. It is a form of child criminal exploitation and is treated as a safeguarding priority by police, schools, and social care.
Gangs typically target vulnerable young people — those who are isolated, in care, or experiencing difficulties at home. Children may initially be offered gifts, money, or a sense of belonging before being coerced into carrying drugs. Once involved, children are frequently controlled through debt bondage, violence, or threats to their families. The 'county line' itself is a mobile phone number used to take drugs orders.
1. Know the county lines indicators and share information
All staff in schools, youth services, and social care should know the county lines warning signs. Information sharing between agencies is critical — use your local MASH and attend multi-agency risk assessment conferences (MARAC/MACE) where relevant.
2. Build trusted relationships with young people
Young people who have a trusted adult they can speak to are more likely to disclose involvement or seek help. Early relationship-building through youth work and pastoral support is a key preventive strategy.
3. Respond to all missing episodes as potential exploitation
Every time a young person goes missing should be treated as a potential county lines or exploitation incident. Return home interviews should explore this possibility in a trauma-informed, non-judgemental way.
Last reviewed: 2026-04-10