Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Understanding child sexual exploitation — how it differs from grooming, the warning signs, and how to report concerns.
What is this?
Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a form of child sexual abuse in which a child or young person is manipulated, coerced, or deceived into sexual activity in exchange for something they need or desire — such as gifts, money, affection, drugs, alcohol, or status. It can occur online and offline, and children may not recognise themselves as victims. CSE is defined in the KCSIE statutory guidance as a key safeguarding concern for schools and colleges.
How it works
Unlike grooming alone, CSE involves an element of exchange — the child receives or is promised something in return for sexual activity. This creates a power imbalance that is exploited by abusers, who may be peers, older individuals, or organised networks. Children may be passed between multiple abusers and may believe the relationship is consensual. The National Crime Agency and CEOP lead national intelligence and investigation of CSE networks.
Warning signs
In your child's behaviour
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On their device
- • Receiving messages or calls from unknown numbers at unusual hours
- • Having multiple mobile phones or SIM cards
- • Accessing sexual content online or using dating apps not age-appropriate
Prevention steps
Deliver age-appropriate CSE education
Young people who understand exploitation and healthy relationships are better equipped to identify and resist it. PSHE programmes should cover consent, healthy relationships, and what exploitation looks like in practice.
Know the CSE indicators and share information
All staff working with young people should know the CSE indicators. Information sharing between schools, police, and social care is essential — use the MASH (Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hub) referral process in your area.
Use a trauma-informed, non-judgemental approach
Children experiencing CSE often do not see themselves as victims. Adults must avoid language or responses that place blame on the young person, and instead focus on building trust and keeping lines of communication open.
What to do if it happens
- 1If you believe a child is being sexually exploited, make a referral to children's social care and inform the police immediately. CSE is a crime — do not attempt to investigate it yourself.
- 2Report to CEOP at ceop.police.uk if the exploitation has an online element. The NCA's CEOP Command investigates online child sexual abuse and exploitation.
- 3Ensure the child is not alone with the person(s) suspected of exploitation. Use your organisation's safeguarding procedure and do not share information beyond those who need to know.
Related topics
This is practical educational content to support families. For case-specific concerns about a child's safety, contact the NSPCC helpline on 0808 800 5000 or your local safeguarding team.
Frequently Asked Questions
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Last reviewed: 2026-04-10